Automobile

 Site selection for public charging infrastructure should optimize accessibility, visibility, and ease of navigation for charging facilities. For a given charging demand in an area, a distributed planning approach may be used to select multiple charging sites, with varying configurations of the number of chargers and power levels as required. This can reduce the space and electricity load requirements at each site, and enable more efficient network implementation. Sites for public charging may include on-street parking spots, off-street public parking, transit station parking areas, or any other location with adequate space and access for all EV owners. Ownership of sites may vary and may require multiple agreements for reserved charging use.

  Modern natural language processing (NLP) tools like ChatGPT can comprehend text-based questions and provide replies that resemble those of humans. The automotive sector is utilising this technology to optimise production procedures, enhance customer service, and even help with the design of new vehicles.

  IS 17017 is the key EV charging standard in India comprising three parts and six sections. IS-17017- Part-1 provides the basic features of all EV charging systems. An AC EVSE must adhere to this standard, and specific AC connector standards in the IS-17017-Part-2. Both AC and DC EVSE need to conform to the technical standards IS-17017-Parts 21 & 22. Additional Indian standards for AC EVSEs have been approved for light EVs and e-cars (in the form of lowcost charging points), for use in parking areas.  INDIAN STANDARDS FOR DC CHARGING IS- 17017-Part-23 describes the requirements for DC charging stations, with power output of 50kW to 200kW. Beyond this, high power charging standards are required to cater to buses and other heavy vehicles. Recently, the BIS has finalized the IS-17017-Part-25, which is specifically for providing low DC power of less than 7kW for light EVs. Due to the requirement of digital communications between the DC EVSE and the EV, data communication stan...

  EVSEs have different power ratings or levels based on charging requirements, which in turn determine the input power requirements for charging infrastructure. Table 2 categorizes EV charging by power level, with normal power charging going up to 22kW and highpower charging going up to 200kW. While EVSEs with power ratings up to 500kW are globally available, they are largely applicable for heavy vehicles like buses and trucks.  Normal power AC charging is adequate for e-2Ws, e-3Ws and e-cars. Normal power DC charging is unique to India, due to the prevalence of LEVs, and the use of low-voltage batteries in e-cars. Single-phase AC chargers, with a maximum power rating of 7kW, are adequate for LEVs and cars with single phase on-board chargers. Three-phase AC chargers, with a power rating up to 22kW, are required for e-cars with larger onboard chargers.  Input power supply for normal power charging can be provided from the standard electricity distribution network. 

  EV charging involves supply of direct current (DC) to the battery pack. As electricity distribution systems supply alternate current (AC) power, a converter is required to provide DC power to the battery. Conductive charging can be AC or DC. In the case of an AC EVSE, the AC power is delivered to the onboard charger of the EV, which converts it to DC. A DC EVSE converts the power externally and supplies DC power directly to the battery, bypassing the onboard charger.  AC and DC charging are further classified into four charging modes, with Modes 1-3 pertaining to AC charging and Mode 4 pertaining to DC charging. Modes 1 and 2 are applicable for connecting an EV to a standard socket outlet, utilizing a cable and plug. Mode 1, also known as dumb charging, permits no communication between the EV and EVSE and its use is not recommended. The portable cable used in Mode 2 has an inbuilt protection and control capability and is typically used for home charging. Modes 3 and 4, which...