Accessible, reliable, and affordable electricity is a prerequisite for adequate charging infrastructure provision. For a rapidly scalable EV charging network, the ubiquitous low-tension (LT) electricity distribution infrastructure should be leveraged wherever feasible to provide electricity connections for EV charging. A distributed approach to charging infrastructure, comprising primarily of normal-power charging points, ensures that most charging points can be connected to the LT electricity network. This chapter explores the regulatory and governance provisions that impact EV charging connections, and lays out three methods for arranging electricity supply to private or public charging facilities.
EV charging involves supply of direct current (DC) to
the battery pack. As electricity distribution systems
supply alternate current (AC) power, a converter is
required to provide DC power to the battery.
Conductive charging can be AC or DC. In the case
of an AC EVSE, the AC power is delivered to the
onboard charger of the EV, which converts it to DC.
A DC EVSE converts the power externally and
supplies DC power directly to the battery, bypassing
the onboard charger.
AC and DC charging are further classified into four
charging modes, with Modes 1-3 pertaining to AC
charging and Mode 4 pertaining to DC charging.
Modes 1 and 2 are applicable for connecting an EV to
a standard socket outlet, utilizing a cable and plug.
Mode 1, also known as dumb charging, permits no
communication between the EV and EVSE and its use
is not recommended. The portable cable used in Mode
2 has an inbuilt protection and control capability and
is typically used for home charging. Modes 3 and 4,
which provide a separate charger device to supply
power to the EV, have improved control systems and
are used for commercial or public charging
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